![]() So let me draw those two bounds, right over here. So let me pick an epsilon greater than zero, so I am gonna go to L plus epsilon, actually let me do it right over here, L, so see this is L plus epsilon and let's say this is right here this is L minus epsilon. This definition of the of what it means to converge for sequence to converge says look for any epsilon greater than zero. So let's, let's, let's parse this, so here I was making the claim that a(n) is approaching this L right over here, I tried to draw it as a horizontal line. If you can do this for any epsilon, for any epsilon, greater than 0, there is a positive M, such that if n is greater than M, the distance between a(n) and our limit is less than epsilon then we can say, then we can say that the limit of a(n) as n approaches infinity is equal to L and we can say that a(n) converges, converges, converges to L. So let's say for any, so we're gonna say that you converge to L for any, for any ε > 0, for any positive epsilon, you can, you can come up, you can get or you can, there is let me rewrite it this way, for any positive epsilon there is a positive, positive M, capital M, such that, such that if, if, lower case n is greater than capital M, then the distance between a(n) and our limit, this L right over here the distance between those two points is less than epsilon. ![]() What we need to do is come up with a definition of what is it really mean to converge to L. What i want to do in this video is to provide ourselves with a rigorous definition of what it means to take the limit of a sequence as n approaches infinity and what we'll see is actually very similar to the definition of any function as a limit approaches infinity and this is because the sequences really can be just viewed as a function of their indices, so let's say let me draw an arbitrary sequence right over here so actually let me draw like this just to make it clear but the limit is approaching so let me draw a sequence let me draw a sequence that is jumping around little bit, so lets say when n=1, a(1) is there, when n = 2, a(2) is there, when n = 3, a(3) is over there when n=4, a(4) is over here, when n=5 a(5) is over here and it looks like is n is so this is 1 2 3 4 5 so it looks like that as n gets bigger and bigger and bigger a(n) seems to be approaching, seems to be approaching some value it seems to be getting closer and closer, seems to be converging to some value L right over here. ![]() If you can say this for any size of ε you care to choose, and |a_n - L| < ε holds, then L is the limit of the sequence. What we have in this situation is that once the index of the sequence is greater than some index value, let's call it M, the distance between nth element of the sequence, a_n, and the Limit, L, is less than epsilon, ε. Recall that a sequence is an ordered list of indexed elements, eg S=a_1, a_2, a_3.a_n, and on to infinity. Recall that we can define the distance, d, between two points as |a-b|=d. M is the index of the sequence for which, once we are past it, all terms of the sequence are within ε of L. ![]() How do we know? Well, we can say the sequence has a limit if we can show that past a certain point in the sequence, the distance between the terms of the sequence, a_n, and the limit, L, will be and stay with in some arbitrarily small distance.Įpsilon, ε, is this arbitrarily small distance. What we want is have a clear understanding of what it means to say a sequence is converging. I "learned" this in Calc I, and it's only just starting to make good sense as I try to explain it :) Sal could do (has done?) a whole video explaining epsilon stuff. As long as any a_n where n > M falls within the epsilon bounds, the series will converge. If M is 20, our epsilon bounds can be very small, and will include all the points after a_20, way off the graph to the right. If M is 0, our epsilon bounds have to be far apart, but all the a's will fall inside it (for this example). The point here is that the epsilon bounds don't have to include all the points in the series, just the points greater than M, which we choose arbitrarily. Usually it's less than one, but if we estimate that the epsilon in the video was 1, we could just as easily have chosen 1.5 and included the first couple of points in the epsilon bounds. The epsilon you choose can be any number. We still want to know when our a is close enough to L to just call it L. Say our L is 2 (this might be the L in the video). Epsilon (ε, lowercase) always stands for an arbitrarily small number, usually epsilon
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